Население Твери XIV-XVII вв. по данным краниологии
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24852/2587-6112.2026.5.310.324Ключевые слова:
археология, краниометрия, Тверь, средневековое население Европейской части РоссииАннотация
В статье представлены результаты краниологического исследования палеоантропологических материалов двух тверских кладбищ (некрополь с территории Тверского кремля, на месте реконструкции стадиона «Химик»; некрополь при церкви Алексия Человека Божия с территории Затьмацкого посада). Статистические различия между мужскими группами из разных некрополей Твери выявлены по отдельным краниологическим признакам, при этом прослеживается тенденция к увеличению наибольшей ширины лба и поперечного указателя. То есть, основные хронологические изменения в форме черепа совпадают с трендом брахикефализации, при относительной устойчивости остальных признаков, что может указывать на преемственность городского населения Твери, а также на процессы, свойственные урбанизации. Более того, тверские серии XIV–XVII вв. сближаются с сериями из Смоленска, Переславля-Залесского, Новгорода, Ярославля и Москвы, что свидетельствует о тесных исторических торгово-экономических связях. Женщины Твери различных хронологических периодов характеризуются устойчивостью морфологического типа. Таким образом, результаты исследования подтверждают преемственность и относительную стабильность антропологических характеристик населения Твери с XII по XVII вв., а также его тесную связь с соседними городами и сельской округой.
Библиографические ссылки
Alekseev, V. P. 1969. Proiskhozhdenie narodov Vostochnoi Evropy (Origins of the Peoples of Eastern Europe). Moscow: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Alekseev, V. P. 1971. In Sovetskaia etnografiia (Soviet Ethnography) (2), 48–59 (in Russian).
Alekseev, V. P., Debets, G. F. 1964. Kraniometriia. Metodika antropologicheskikh issledovanii (Craniometry. Anthropologic Research Technique). Moscow: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Alekseeva, T. I. 1973. Etnogenez vostochnykh slavyan po dannym antropologii (Ethnic genesis of the East Slavs according to anthropological data). Moscow: Moscow State University (in Russian).
Babkina, A. D., Goncharova, N. N. 2020. In Makarov, N. A. (ed.). Arkheologiya Vladimiro-Suzdal'skoy Rusi (Archaeology of Vladimir-Suzdal land) 10. Moscow: Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences Publ., 90–101 (in Russian).
Belyaev, L. A., Safarova, I. A., Khokhlov, A. N. 2017. In Dvornikov, A. S. (ed.). Tver’, Tverskaia zemlia i sopredel’nye territorii v epokhu srednevekov’ia (Tver, Tver Land and Adjacent Territories in the Middle Ages). Tver: Tver Research Historical, Archaeological and Restoration Center, 61–98 (in Russian).
Borzakovskiy, V. S. 1876. Istoriya Tverskogo knyazhestva (The history of the Tver Principality). Saint Petersburg: “I.G. Martynov” Publ. (in Russian).
Bunak, V. V. 1965. Proiskhozhdenie i etnicheskaya istoriya russkogo naroda (The provenance and ethnic history of the Russians). Moscow: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Vasiliev, S. V., Borutskaya, S. B. 2016. In Duk, D. U. Et al (eds.). Belaruskae Padzvіnne: vopyt, metodyka і vynіkі palyavykh і mіzhdystsyplіnarnykh dasledavannyaў: zbornіk navukovykh artykulaў ІІІ mіzhnarodnay navukovay kanferentsyі (Polatsk, 14–15 krasavіka 2016 g.) (Belarusian Podvinye: experience, methodology and results of field and interdisciplinary research: collection of scientific articles of the III International Scientific Conference (Polotsk, April 14-15, 2016)). Novopolotsk: “PDU” Publ., 101–105 (in Russian).
Vorob'ev, V. M., Borisov, A. V., Klyueva, E. A., Pobedash, I. N. 2005. Istoriya Tverskogo kraya (History of the Tver Region). Tver: “Sozvezdie” Publ. (in Russian).
Goncharov, I. A., Goncharova, N.N. 2013. In Book Programma MultiCan dlya analiza mnogomernykh massivov dannykh s ispol'zovaniem statistik vyborok i parametrov general'noy sovokupnosti (MultiCan) / Editor Svidetel'stvo o gosudarstvennoy registratsii programmy dlya EVM (Book Multican programme for analyzing multidimensional data arrays using sample statistics and general population parameters (MultiCAN) / Editor Certificate of state registration of a computer programme) (in Russian).
Goncharova, N. N. 2000. In Alekseeva, T. I. (ed.). Narody Rossii: ot proshlogo k nastoiashchemu (Peoples of Russia: from past to present) 2. Antropologiia (Anthropology). Moscow: “Staryi sad” Publ., 66–94 (in Russian).
Goncharova, N. N. 2011. In Vestnik antropologii (Bulletin of Anthropology) 19, 202–216 (in Russian).
Goncharova, N. N., Konopel'kin, D. S. 2019. In Arkheologiia Evraziiskikh stepei (Archaeology of the Eurasian steppes) 6, 314–333 (in Russian).
Evteev, A. A. 2008. Problema polovogo dimorfizma v kraniologii (Issue of sexual dimorphism in craniology). Thesis of Diss. of the Candidate of Biological Sciences. Moscow (in Russian).
Evteev, A. A. 2011. In Engovatova, A. V. (ed.). Arkheologiia Podmoskov’ia: (Archaeology of the Moscow Region) 7. Moscow: Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 433–440 (in Russian).
Evteev, A. A., Oleinikov, O. M. 2015. In Engovatova, A. V., Albegova (Tsarikaeva), Z. Kh. (eds.). Materialy okhrannykh arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy: goroda, poseleniya, mogil'niki (Materials of security archaeological research: cities, settlements, burial grounds). Cheboksary: “Perfektum” Publ., 100–145 (in Russian).
Zhilina, N. V. 2003. In Vladimirskaya, N. S. (ed.). Kremli Rossii. Materialy i issledovaniya Gosudarstvennykh muzeev Moskovskogo Kremlya (Kremlins of Russia. Materials and research of the state museums of the Moscow Kremlin). Moscow: “ Moskovskiy Kreml' ” Publ., 271–291 (in Russian).
Zimina, S. N., Goncharova N. N., Negasheva M. A. 2017. In Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya XXIII. Antropologiya (Lomonosov Journal of Anthropology) (2), 4–11 (in Russian).
Kolosov, V. I. 2023. Istoriya zemli Tverskoy (History of the Tver land). Tver: “Martin” Publ. (in Russian).
Klyug, E. 1994. Knyazhestvo Tverskoe (1247 – 1485 gg.) (The Principality of Tver (1247–1485)). Tver: “Antek” Publ. (in Russian).
Kuchkin, V. A. 1984. Formirovanie gosudarstvennoy territorii Severo-Vostochnoy Rusi v X–XIV vv. (Formation of the State Territory of North-Eastern Russia in the 10th-14th cc.). Moscow: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Moiseev, V. G., Khartanovich, V. I., Shirobokov, I. G. 2012. In Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya XXIII. Antropologiya (Lomonosov Journal of Anthropology (3), 95–109 (in Russian).
Pezhemskiy, D. V. 2000. In Alekseeva, T. I. (ed.). Narody Rossii: ot proshlogo k nastoiashchemu (Peoples of Russia: from past to present) 2. Antropologiia (Anthropology). Moscow: “Staryi sad” Publ., 95–129 (in Russian).
Rasskazova, A. V. 2019. In Vestnik antropologii (Bulletin of Anthropology) 47, 72–89 (in Russian).
Rasskazova, A. V. 2020. In Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya XXIII. Antropologiya (Lomonosov Journal of Anthropology) (3), 77–89 (in Russian).
Rasskazova A.V., Zeifer, V. A., Mazurok, O. I. 2021. In Vestnik arkheologii, antropologii i etnografii (Vestnik Arheologii, Antropologii i Etnografii) 4 (55), 138–150 (in Russian).
Rasskazova A.V., Rashkovskaya, Yu. V. 2025. In Kratkie soobshcheniya instituta arkheologii (Brief Communications of the Institute of Archaeology) 279, 357–375 (in Russian).
Rashkovskaya, Yu. V., Kharlamova, N. V. 2023. In Vestnik antropologii (Bulletin of Anthropology) 4, 331–348 (in Russian).
Romanova E.A. 2024. Otchet o spasatel'nykh nauchnykh arkheologicheskikh raskopkakh na territorii byvshego Zat'matskogo posada g. Tveri (Raskop Aleksiya Cheloveka Bozhiya) (Report on salvage scientific archaeological excavations in the territory of the former Zatmatsky posad, Tver (Excavation of Alexis, a man of God)). Tver (in Russian).
Rikman, E. A. 1966. In Mongait, A. L. (ed.). Kul’tura Drevnei Rusi (Culture of Ancient Russia). Moscow: “Nauka” Publ., 228–232 (in Russian).
Safarova, I. A. 2018. Nauchnyy otchet o spasatel'nykh arkheologicheskikh rabotakh (raskopkakh i nablyudeniyakh) na territorii Kremlya g. Tveri v 2018 g. Tver', ul. Sovetskaya, d.1a Rekonstruktsiya stadiona «Khimik» (2 etap) (Scientific report on salvage archaeological work (excavations and observations) on the territory of the Tver Kremlin in 2018. Tver, Sovetskaya St., 1a Reconstruction of the Khimik Stadium (2nd stage)). Tver (in Russian).
Salivon, I. I., Vasiliev, S. V., Gerasimova, M. M., Marfina, O. V., Boruckaya. S. B., Emel'yanchik, O. A., Kharlamova, N. V., Frizen, S. Yu. 2021. Antropologicheskaya kharakteristika naseleniya vostochnoevropeyskikh gorodov XI-XIX vekov (Anthropological characteristics of the population of Eastern European cities of the XI–XIX centuries). Minsk: “Belorusskaya nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Sankina, S. L. 2000. In Alekseeva, T. I. (ed.). Narody Rossii: ot proshlogo k nastoiashchemu (Peoples of Russia: from past to present) 2. Antropologiia (Anthropology). Moscow: “Staryi sad” Publ., 5–66 (in Russian).
Sedov, V. V. 1995. Slavyane v rannem srednevekov'e (The Slavs in the early Middle Ages). Moscow: Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences (in Russian).
Sedov, V. V. Drevnerusskaya narodnost': Istoriko-arkheologicheskoe issledovanie (Old Russian nationality: Historical and archaeological study). Moscow: “Yazyki russkoi kul’tury” Publ. (in Russian).
Smolin, E. 2015. In Rossiya 4D (Russia 4D) (3–4) Available at URL: https://russia4d.ru/magazine/0304–2015/vodorazdel–velikoi–svobody–rol–tranzitnogo–polozheniya–tverskogo–knyazhestva–dlya
Tikhomirov, M. N. 1956. Drevnerusskie goroda (Towns in Old Rus). Moscow: “Gos. izd-vo polit. lit-ry” Publ. (in Russian).
Tretyak, M. S. 2024. In Methodi et praxis: istorik i istochnik (Methodi et praxis: historian and source) 1, 17–30(in Russian).
Trofimova, T. A. 1946. In Sovetskaia etnografiia (Soviet Ethnography) (1), 91–136 (in Russian).
Trofimova, T. A. 1941. In Uchenye zapiski MGU. Antropologiya (Scientific Notes of Moscow State University. Anthropology) 63, 197–235 (in Russian).
Kharlamova, N. V. 2012. In Vestnik antropologii (Bulletin of Anthropology) 21, 49–58 (in Russian).
Kharlamova N. V., Galeev R. M. 2013. In Izvestiia Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta (Proceedings of Irkutsk State University). Series: «Geoarkheologiia. Etnologiia. Antropologiia (Geoarchaeology. Ethnology. Anthropology) (1), 230–243 (in Russian).
Shirobokov, I. G., Sorokin, A. V. 2015. In Chistov, Yu. K. (ed.). Radlovskii sbornik: nauchnye issledovaniia i muzeinye proekty MAE RAN v 2014 g. (Radlov Collection of Articles: Scientific Research and Museum Projects of the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) of Russian Academy of Sciences in 2014). Saint Petersburg: Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) of Russian Academy of Sciences, 456–469 (in Russian).
Rightmire, G. P. 1969. In American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 30 (1), 157–160.
Загрузки
Опубликован
Как цитировать
Выпуск
Раздел
Лицензия
Copyright (c) 2026 Ю.В. Рашковская, А.В. Рассказова
Это произведение доступно по лицензии Creative Commons «Attribution-NonCommercial» («Атрибуция — Некоммерческое использование») 4.0 Всемирная.
