Materials of Turkic Dastans as a Historical Source: the experience of cross-cultural analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24852/2587-6112.2024.6.332.340Keywords:
Ulus of Jochi, the dastan “Idegei”, cross-cultural research, Ak Urda, Altyn Urda, Böz Urda, Kök Urda, urga (urda)Abstract
The article analyzes the concepts of “Altyn Urda”, “Ak Urda” and “Buz (Böz) Urda”, taking place in historical literature, as well as in the Turkic dastan “Idegei”. The main attention is paid to the origin of these terms. It has been found out that the earlier concept is “Ak Urda”, which was most likely used since the XIII century, to designate the right wing of the Ulus of Jochi. This name is based on the name of the Khan's headquarters (yurt, tent), which was really white in the XIII century. At the same time, it should be known that in the Turkic marking of the cardinal directions, “white side / ak yak” is the west. The term “Altyn Urda” was consolidated no earlier than the first decades of the XIV century, also going back to the designation of the political center of the Ulus of Jochi, known as the “Golden Tent” (Golden Yurt - in Chinese sources). There were two reasons for this definition of the Khan’s headquarters: a) the widespread use of gold in the internal design of the above mentioned headquarters; b) the existence of a tradition dating back to the times of Genghis Khan to name the imperial center as the “Great Golden Headquarters” (“Urdu-i zarrin-i-buzurg”). At the same time, at the end of the XIV century the name “Olug Ulus” is also known in relation to the Ulus of Jochi, , which is internally linked with the concepts under consideration. The term “Buz (Böz) Urda” is clearly late, which emerged during the deconsolidation of the Ulus of Jochi, starting from the second half of the XIV century, when, as a result of penetration from the Kok (Blue) Horde - the left wing of the Ulus of Jochi, to its right wing – Ak (White) Horde, significant groups of population and strengthening the importance of the Shibanid dynasty, there was a partial consolidation in historical sources and in the dastan “Idegei” of the concept of “Böz Urda”, which actually replaced the term “Kök Urda” The internal link between the concepts “Ak Urda” and “Altyn Urda” is explained by the existence of their common content, dating back to the designation by these terms not only of possessions, but also of their political centers - the Khan’s headquarters.
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