Trade Relations of the City of Saksin
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24852/2587-6112.2025.5.244.251Keywords:
археология, Волго-Каспийский торговый путь, Великий Шёлковый путь, Восточная Европа, Северный Прикаспий, город Итиль, город и область Саксин, Самосдельское городищеAbstract
The article describes the trade routes that passed through the Lower Volga region in the Khazar and post-Khazar eras. The initial stage and reasons for the formation of trade routes through the Lower Volga region are analyzed in connection with the political and economic processes in the Arab Caliphate. The Khazar trade through the Lower Volga region is analyzed, as well as the formation of the Caspian trade routes in the Khazar and post-Khazar periods, and the connections of the Lower Volga region with the main ports of the Caspian Sea. Particular attention is paid to the emergence and existence of the city of Saksin as the main transit point on the Volga-Caspian trade route. The processes of commodity and money exchange and the general economic development level of the city and the region of Saksin in the 11th-14th centuries are analyzed. The most important directions of Saksin’s connections - the eastern Caspian and southwestern - are separately analyzed. It is particularly emphasized that the Volga trade route can be referred to as the ‘Amber Route’, since amber is the only material evidence to date of the existence of a continuous trade route from the Baltic to the Caspian.
References
Abu Hamid al-Gharnati. 2010. Sochineniia (Works). Moscow: “Direct-Media” Publ. (in Russian)
Artamonov, M. I. 2001. Istoriya Khazar (History of the Khazars). Saint Petersburg: “Lan’” Publ. (in Russian).
Ashurbeyli, S. 1992. Istoriya goroda Baku. Period srednevekov'ya (History of the city of Baku. The medieval period). Baku: “Azerneshr” Publ. (in Russian).
Bartol'd, V. V. 1963. In Sochineniia (Works) 2, part 1. Moscow: “Vostochnaya literatura” Publ., 651–772 (in Russian).
Boldyreva, E. M. 2012. In Dalgat, E. M. (ed.). Severokavkazskiy gorod v regional'nom istoricheskom protsesse (North Caucasian city in the regional historical process). Makhachkala: Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of the Dagestan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, “ALEF” Publ., 75–77 (in Russian).
Boldyreva, E. M. 2016. Polivnaya keramika Nizhnego Povolzh'ya v X – 1-y pol. XIV vv. (po materialam Samosdel'skogo gorodishcha) (Glazed pottery of the Lower Volga region in the 10th – 1st half of the 14th centuries) Diss. of Candidate of Historical Sciences. Moscow (in Russian).
Vasiliev, D. V. 2021. Nizhnee Povolzh'e v Khazarskuyu epokhu (VIII–X vv.) The Lower Volga Region in the Khazar era (8th –10th centuries)). Astrakhan: “R. V. Sorokin” Publ (in Russian).
Vasiliev, D. V. 2015. In Povolzhskaya arkheologiya (Volga River Region Archaeology) 12 (2), 189–267 (in Russian).
Vasiliev, D. V., S’yanova, O. A. 2015. In Kurapov A.A. (ed.). Astrakhanskie kraevedcheskie chteniia (Astrakhan Readings of Local History) VII. Astrakhan: “Sorokin R.V.” Publ., 36–42 (in Russian).
Verkhoturov Dmitry, 2024. In Dialog.kz September 15, 2009 (Electronic resource). Available at: https://dialog.kz/articles/kultura/2009-09-15/dmitriy-verhoturov-drevnie-goroda-mangyshlaka . (accessed: 17.11.2024) (in Russian)
Volkov, I. V. 2000. In Alpatkina, T. G., Bolelov, S. B., Inevatkina, O. N., Mkrtychv, T. K. (eds.). Srednyaya Aziya. Arkheologiya, istoriya, kul'tura (Central Asia. Archaeology, history, culture). Moscow: State Museum of Oriental Art, 45–50 (in Russian).
Goncharov, E. Yu. 2011. In Vasiliev, D. V. (ed.). Samosdel'skoe gorodishche: voprosy izucheniia i interpretatsii (Samosdelka Settlement: Issues of Study and Interpretation). Astrakhan: “Sorokin R.V.” Publ., 146–150 (in Russian).
Grechkina, T. Yu., Zilivinskaya, E. D. 2004. Otchet o raskopkakh na Samosdel'skom gorodishche v Kamyzyakskom rayone Astrakhanskoy oblasti v 2003 godu (Report on the excavations at Samosdelskoye ащкешашув settlement in the Kamyzyak district of the Astrakhan region in 2003). Moscow; Astrakhan. Archive of the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (in Russian).
Gumilev, L. N., 2004. Otkrytie Khazarii (The discovery of Khazaria). Moscow: “Iris-press” (in Russian).
Dubov, I. V. 1989. Velikii Volzhskii put' (The Great Volga Route). Leningrad: Leningrad State University (in Russian).
Zadneprovsky, Yu. A. 1997. In Zadneprovsky, Yu. A. Drevniye nomady Tsentral'noy Azii (Ancient nomads of Central Asia). Saint Petersburg: Institute of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 79–90 (in Russian)
Zakhoder, B. N. Kaspiyskiy svod svedeniy o Vostochnoy Evrope. T. 1. Gorgan i Povolzh'e v IX–X vv. (The Caspian Corpus of Information on Eastern Europe. Vol. 1. Gorgan and the Volga Region in 9th – 10th cc.) Moscow: “Vostochnaya literatura” Publ. (in Russian).
Zilivinskaya, E. D. 2010. In Muzhukhoev, M. B. (ed.). Problemy khronologii i periodizatsii arkheologicheskikh pamyatnikov i kul'tur Severnogo Kavkaza. XXVI «Krupnovskie chteniya» po arkheologii Severnogo Kavkaza (Issues of chronology and periodization of archaeological sites and cultures of the North Caucasus. XXVI Krupnov Readings on the Archaeology of the North Caucasus). Magas: “Pilgrim” Publ., 140–144 (in Russian).
Zilivinskaya, E. D. 2011. In Vasiliev, D. V. (ed.). Samosdel'skoe gorodishche: voprosy izucheniia i interpretatsii (Samosdelka Settlement: Issues of Study and Interpretation). Astrakhan: “Sorokin R.V.” Publ., 13–35 (in Russian).
Zilivinskaya, E. D., Vasiliev, D. V., Grechkina, T. Yu. 2006. In Rossiiskaia Arkheologiia (Russian Archaeology) (4), 24–35 (in Russian).
Ierusalimskaya, A. A. 1990. In Askarov, A. A. (ed.). Formirovaniye i razvitiye trass Velikogo shelkovogo puti v Tsentral'noy Azii v drevnosti i srednevekov'ye. Tezisy dokladov mezhdunarodnogo seminara YUNESKO (Formation and development of the routes of the Great Silk Road in Central Asia in ancient times and the Middle Ages. Abstracts of the international UNESCO seminar). Tashkent: “Fan” Publ., 58–60 (in Russian)
Aliyarov, S. S., Makhmudov, Ya. M. (ed.). 1989. Istochniki po istorii Azerbaydzhana (Sources on the history of Azerbaijan). Baku: “Azerneshr” Publ. (in Russian).
Kushaev, G. A., 2012. In Voprosy istorii i arkheologii Zapadnogo Kazakhstana (Issues of History and Archaeology of Western Kazakhstan) 1, 138–153 (in Russian).
Leviatov, V. N. 1940. Keramika Staroy Gandzhi (Ceramics of Old Ganja). Baku: “Fan”Publ. (in Russian)
Minkevich-Mustafaeva, N. V. 1959. In Iessen, A. A. (ed.). Trudy Azerbaydzhanskoy (Oren-Kalinskoy) arkheologicheskoy ekspeditsii (Proceedings of the Azerbaijan (Oren-Kala) Archaeological Expedition). Series: Materialy i issledovaniia po arkheologii SSSR (Materials and Research in the USSR Archaeology) 67. Moscow; Leningrad: the USSR Academy of Sciences, 174–185 (in Russian).
Muradalieva, E. 2010. In Kavkaz i globalizatsiya (The Caucasus and Globalization) 4 (1–2), 217–230 (in Russian)
Poluboyarinova, M. D. 2008. In Starostin, P. N. (ed.). Gorod Bolgar. Kul’tura, iskusstvo, torgovlia (City of Bolgar. Culture, Art, Trade). Moscow: “Nauka” Publ., 28–108 (in Russian).
Popov, P. V. 2018. Keramicheskiy kompleks Samosdel'skogo gorodishcha IX - XIV vv. (Ceramic complex of Samosdelsky fortified settlement of the 9th - 14th centuries). Diss. of Candidate of Historical Sciences. Moscow. (in Russian)
Samashev, Z., Kuznetsova, O., Plakhov, V. 2008. Keramika Saraychika (na kazakhskom, russkom i angliyskom yazykakh) (Ceramics of Saraichik hillfort). Almaty: “ZUR advertising” Publ. (in Kazakh, Russian and English).
Tolstov, S. P. 1948. Po sledam drevnekhorezmiyskoy tsivilizatsii (In the footsteps of the ancient Khorezm civilization). Moscow; Leningrad: the USSR Academy of Sciences (in Russian).
Fedorov-Davydov, G. A. 1969. In Evtyukhova, L. A. (ed.). Drevnosti Vostochnoi Evropy (K 70-letiiu A. P. Smirnova) (Antiquities of Eastern Europe (to the Anniversary of 70 Years from the Birth of A.P. Smirnov)). Series: Materialy i issledovaniia po arkheologii SSSR (Materials and Research in the USSR Archaeology) 169. Moscow: “Nauka” Publ., 253–261 (in Russian).
Chichko, T. V. 2016. Vostochnaya torevtika v sisteme kul'turnykh svyazey i voenno-politicheskoy istorii naseleniya Prikam'ya i Priural'ya v rannem srednevekov'e (konets VI - pervaya polovina IX vv.) (Eastern toreutics in the system of cultural ties and military-political history of the population of the Kama region and the Cis-Urals in the early Middle Ages (late 6th - first half of the 9th centuries)). Diss. of Candidate of Historical Sciences. Voronezh. (in Russian).
Yavorskaya L.V. 2022. In Arkheologiia Evraziiskikh stepei (Archaeology of Eurasian Steppes) 4, 13–19 (in Russian).
Yakobson, A. L. 1959. In Iessen, A. A. (ed.). Trudy Azerbaydzhanskoy (Oren-Kalinskoy) arkheologicheskoy ekspeditsii (Proceedings of the Azerbaijan (Oren-Kala) Archaeological Expedition). Series: Materialy i issledovaniia po arkheologii SSSR (Materials and Research in the USSR Archaeology) 67. Moscow; Leningrad: the USSR Academy of Sciences, 219–302 (in Russian).
Yanin, V. L. 2009. Denezhno-vesovye sistemy domongol'skoy Rusi i ocherki istorii denezhnoy sistemy srednevekovogo Novgoroda (Monetary and Weighing Systems of Pre-Mongol Rus and Essays on the History of the Monetary System of Medieval Novgorod). Moscow: “Yazyki slavianskoi kul’tury” Publ. (in Russian).
Dostiyev, T. 2010. Orta Əsr Şəmkir şəhər yeri. Səmkir arxeoloji ekspedisiyasinin tədqiqatlari (Medieval Shamkir city site. Research of the Shamkir archaeological expedition). Baku (in Azerbaijanian).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 D.V. Vasiliev
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
