Stone Inventory of the Kurmanakovo IV Campsite of the End of the Eneolithic – Late Bronze Age: morphological and functional analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24852/2587-6112.2026.2.105.121Keywords:
archaeology, Late Bronze Age, culture of Textile ceramics, Atabaevo stage of the Maklasheevka culture, dwelling, scrapers, knives, metalworking, morphology, traceologyAbstract
The article deals with the cultural and chronological distribution of the stone inventory of the Kurmanakovo IV site of the end of the Eneolithic – Late Bronze Age, as well as its morphological and functional analysis. In 2014 and 2017, two dwellings connected by a vestibule passage were discovered on the territory of the campsite, which are characteristic of the Atabaevo stage of the Maklasheevka culture and the culture of Textile ceramics – XIV–XIII centuries BC. In addition, ceramics of the end of the Eneolithic and ceramics made in the traditions of the Srubnaya historical cultural and historical community were recorded mainly in the inter-dwelling space. For ceramics made in the Srubnaya traditions, the date – 2 σ (91.7%) 1695–1445 cal. BC (SPb_3417) was obtained. Probably, the dwellings after reconstruction existed at the Maklasheevka stage of the Maklasheevka culture, as well as during the functioning of the settlement of the culture of textile ceramics. According to the remains of the burnt–out structure, a radiocarbon date was obtained – 2 σ (96%) 1274–1055 cal. BC (UOC-13395), which corresponds to the time when people left this territory. The stone inventory of the Kurmanakovo IV camp site totals 558 units. According to the raw material basis, this complex is divided into products made of flint (405 units), quartzite (114 units), sandstone (23 units), pebbles (6 units), silicified limestone (3 units), flask (2 units), granite (2 units) and copper-bearing sandstone rocks (2 units), as well as diabase (1 unit). In the course of the morphological and functional study, the entire complex of stone tools was studied. Hunting tools and hunting prey processing (processing of hides and meat) are represented by arrowheads, numerous scrapers and micro-scrapers, burins, knives, and punctures. Woodworking tools include scrapers, “lozhkar’’ tools, saws, knives, planing knives, chisels, and burins. Stone-working tools are represented by nuclei and a chipper. Metalworking tools include small hammers, hammers, smashing and grinding plates, and graters. The presence of specialized metalworking tools in combination with finds of copper-bearing sandstones indicates the presence of local metalworking within the economic activity of the population of the settlement of the Bronze Age.
References
Bader, O. N., Popova, T. B. 1987. In Bader, O. N., Krainov, D. A., Kosarev, M. F. (eds.). Epokha bronzy lesnoi polosy SSSR (The Bronze Age in the Forest Zone of the USSR). Series: Arkheologiya SSSR (Archaeology of the USSR) 8. Moscow: “Nauka” Publ., 131–135 (in Russian).
Bakhshiev, I. I., Rumyantseva, M. M., Bersenev, E. V. 2025. In Teoriia i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovanii (Theory and Practice of Archaeological Research) 37 (4), 47–63 (in Russian).
Golubeva, E. V. 2016. Teoriia i praktika eksperimental'no-trasologicheskikh issledovanii nemetallicheskogo instrumentariia rannego zheleznogo veka – srednevekov'ia (na materialakh iuzhno-taezhnoi zony Srednei Sibiri (Theory and Practice of Experimental Traceological Studies of Non-Metal Tools of the Early Iron Age – the Middle Ages (Based on Materials from the Southern Taiga Area of Central Siberia)). Krasnoiarsk: Siberian Federal University (in Russian).
Golubeva, E. N., Lyganov, A. V. 2023. In Arkheologiya Evraziyskikh stepey (Archaeology of Eurasian Steppes) 3, 121–135 (in Russian).
Zdanovich, G. B., Semin, D. V. 2022. In Zdanovich, G. B., Malyutina, T. S., Zdanovich, D. G. Arkheologiya ukreplennykh poseleniy. (Arkaim. Archaeology of fortified settlements). Book. 2 Chelyabinsk: Chelyabinsk State University, 300–321 (in Russian).
Kostomarov, Yu. V., Bukacheva, A. O., Molchanov, I. V. 2024. In Povolzhskaya arkheologiya (Volga River Region Archaeology) 50 (4), 120–137 (in Russian).
Kuznetsov, P. F. 2014. In Sitdikov A. G., Makarov N. A., Derevianko A. P. (eds.). Trudy IV (XX) Vserossiiskogo arkheologicheskogo s″ezda v Kazani (Proceedings of the 4th (20th) All-Russia Archaeological Congress in Kazan) I. Kazan: “Otechestvo” Publ., 582–584 (in Russian).
Kungurova, N. Yu. 2013. In Vinogradov, N. B. (ed.). Drevnee Ust'e: ukreplennoe poselenie bronzovogo veka v Yuzhnom Zaural'e (Ancient Ustye: Fortified Settlement of the Bronze Age in the Southern Trans-Urals). Chelyabinsk: “Abris” Publ., 285–330 (in Russian).
Lyganov, A. V. 2019. In Lopatin, N. V. (ed.). Arkheologicheskie otkrytiia 2017 g. (Archaeological Discoveries in 2017). Moscow: Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 339–340 (in Russian).
Lyganov, A. V. 2019. In Povolzhskaya arkheologiya (Volga River Region Archaeology) 29 (3), 34–50 (in Russian).
Lyganov, A. V. 2021. In Arkheologiya Evraziyskikh stepey (Archaeology of Eurasian Steppes) 2, 29–46 (in Russian).
Lyganov, A. V., Khamzin, R. N., Galimova, M. Sh. 2018. In Povolzhskaya arkheologiya (Volga River Region Archaeology) 25 (3), 242–257 (in Russian).
Nikitin, V. V. 2017. Na grani epokhi kamnya i metalla. Srednevolzhskiy variant volosovskoy kul'turno-istoricheskoy obshhnosti (Between the Stone and Metal Periods. Middle Volga Variation of the Volosovo Cultural and Historical Community). Series: Arkheologiia Povolzhia i Urala. Materialy i issledovaniia (Volga and the Urals Archaeology. Materials and Studies) 10. Yoshkar-Ola: Mari State University (in Russian).
Lavento, M., Patrushev, V. S. 2015. In Povolzhskaya arkheologiya (Volga River Region Archaeology) 12 (2), 160–188 (in Russian).
Seletskiy, M. V., Levina, E. V., Fedorchenko, A. Yu. 2024. In Derevyanko, A. P. (ed.). Problemy arkheologii, etnografii, antropologii Sibiri i sopredel'nykh territorii (Issues of Archaeology, Ethnography and Anthropology of Siberia and Neighboring Territories) Vol. 30. Novosibirsk: Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 284–288 (in Russian).
Solov’ev, B. S. 2000. Bronzovyi vek Mariiskogo Povolzh’ia (Bronze Age of Mari Volga Area). Series: Trudy Mariiskoi arkheologicheskoi ekspeditsii (Proceedings of the Mari Archaeological Expedition) VI. Yoshkar-Ola: Mari Research Institute of Language, Literature, and History (in Russian).
Khalikov, A. Kh. 1961. Otchet o polevykh rabotakh I otryada Arkheologicheskoy ekspeditsii IYaLI KFAN SSSR v 1960 godu. (Report on the Fieldworks of the 1st Group of the Archaeological Expedition of G. Ibragimov Language, Literature and History Institute, Kazan Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1960). Kazan. Archives of the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Inv. R-1, dossier 2084 (in Russian).
Khalikov, A. Kh. 1980. Prikazanskaia kul’tura (The Prikazanskaya Culture). Series: Svod Arkheologicheskikh Istochnikov (Corpus of Archaeological Sources) В 1-24. Moscow: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Chernykh, E. N., Kuzminykh, S. V. 1989. Drevniaia metallurgiia Severnoi Evrazii (seiminsko-turbinskii fenomen) (Ancient Metallurgy of Northern Eurasia (Seyma-Turbino Phenomenon)). Moscow: “Nauka” Publ. (in Russian).
Chizhevsky, A. A. 2007. In Galimova, M. Sh. (ed.). Arkheologiia i estestvennye nauki Tatarstana (Archaeology and Natural Sciences of Tatarstan) 3. Kazan: Institute of History, Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, 93–112 (in Russian).
Chizhevsky, A.A., Lyganov, A. V., Kuzminykh, S. V. 2021 In Sitdikov, A. G., Chizhevsky, A. A. (eds.). Eneolit i bronzovyi vek (Eneolithic and Bronze Age). Series: Arkheologiia Volgo-Uralia (Archaeology of the Volga-Urals) Vol. 2. Kazan: Institute of Archaeology named after A. Kh. Khalikov, Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, 601–637 (in Russian).
Shalakhov, E. G. 2014. In Tishkin, A. A., Semibratov, V. P. (eds.). Sokhranenie i izuchenie kul'turnogo naslediia Altaiskogo kraia (Preservation and Study of the Cultural Heritage of Altai Krai) 20. Barnaul: Altai State University Publ., 194–198 (in Russian).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 E.N. Golubeva, A.V. Lyganov
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
