DATING OF 14TH EARLY 15TH CENTURY ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONUMENTS FROM THE LOWER REACHES OF THE KAMA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24852/2587-6112.2020.5.198.213Keywords:
archaeology,, medieval nomads, the Golden Horde, Bulgar Ulus, material culture, chronology,, dating.Abstract
The paper addresses the issues related to the dating and chronology of settlements and burial grounds of the Golden Horde period located in the fl oodplain of the lower course of the Kama and the Tetyushi current of the Volga. During this period, these archaeological sites were interconnected. As a result of the excavations carried out in the 1990s, several major sites - ancient villages and Peschany Ostrov burial ground – were identifi ed, and chronological complexes for the period of the late 13th – 14th centuries were established. Continuous exploration performed in this area in the 1960s – 1990s allowed to identify settlements of the Golden Horde period. At some of them, economic, industrial and residential buildings have preserved and have been studied, with their fi lling containing a variety of items, as well as numismatic material, mainly dating back to the second half of the 14th century. The Damba II and III settlements have provided especially outstanding material. These results were supplemented by published fi ndings from the ancient villages of the Golden Horde period located in the mouth of the Kama. Due to this, it was possible to determine two periods of emergence and operation of the ancient villages of the region in question: the late 13th – the fi rst half of 14th century, and second half of 14th century. The systematization of the fi ndings has allowed to substantiate the compilation of two matrices of characteristic fi ndings from these two periods, outlining the chronological indicators. In the fi rst case, these were mirrors and cast iron cauldrons of Ch-4 types, and in the second case – copper and cast iron cauldrons, with the latter belonging to types Ch-5-8. Copper cauldrons of the second half of 14th century featured characteristic iron handles. Interestingly, the burials of the nomads of the second period studied at the burial grounds located near the settlements contained the items of horse equipment and harness, as well as household items identical to the ones manufactured in the ancient villages, but the decorations and dishware were original and have not been encountered in the ancient villages. Thus, the author suggests a step-by-step matrix model of antiquities dating back to the late 13th – 14th centuries for one region of the Bulgar territory of the Golden Horde, identifying the possible reasons for this type of changes.
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